1. Homepage
  2. Profession
  3. Publications
  4. Bulletin references
  5. Bulletin references October 2024

Bulletin references October 2024

You can read the October 2024 Bulletin here.

Health inequalities

King's Fund guest editorial: health inequalities

  1. Department of Health and Social Care. The NHS is broken: Health and Social Care Secretary statement. 2024. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/statement-from-the-secretary-of-state-for-health-and-social-care
  2. Darzi A. Independent investigation of the National Health Service in England. London, UK: Department of Health and Social Care, 2024. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/independent-investigation-of-the-nhs-in-england
  3. Goldblatt P, Callaghan O, Allen J, Porritt F. England’s widening health gap: Local places falling behind. London, UK: Institute of Health Equity, 2024. Available at: https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/englands-widening-health-gap-local-places-falling-behind
  4. Buck D. Mission possible? The government’s overarching goal for reducing inequalities in healthy life expectancy. The King’s Fund, 2024. Available at: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/insight-and-analysis/blogs/governments-reducing-inequalities-healthy-life-expectancy
  5. Robertson R, Williams E, Buck D, Breckwoldt J. Ethnic health inequalities and the NHS. Driving progress in a changing system. NHS Race and Health Observatory. Available at: https://www.nhsrho.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Ethnic-Health-Inequalities-Kings-Fund-Report.pdf
  6. Raleigh V, Jefferies D, Wellings D. Cardiovascular disease in England. The King’s Fund. 2022. Available at: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/insight-and-analysis/reports/cardiovascular-disease-england
  7. Wellings D, Ross S, Chikwira L. People power: Lessons from the health care response to the Grenfell Tower fire. The King’s Fund. 2024. Available at: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/insight-and-analysis/reports/people-power-lessons-grenfell

Progress in stem cell transplantation: unlocking new ways to treat every patient

  1. NHS. Stem cell transplant. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stem-cell-transplant/    
  2. NHS. Sickle cell disease. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sickle-cell-disease/treatment/
  3. NHS England. NHS to offer stem cell transplants to cure life-limiting blood disorder. Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/2023/11/nhs-to-offer-stem-cell-transplants-to-cure-life-limiting-blood-disorder/     
  4. Auner HW, Szydlo R, Hoek J, Goldschmidt H, Stoppa AM, Moreau P et al. Trends in autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma in Europe: increased use and improved outcomes in elderly patients in recent years. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015;50(2):209–215.
  5. Locke FL, Siddiqi T, Jacobson CA, Ghobadi A, Ahmed S, Miklos DB et al. Real-world and clinical trial outcomes in large B-cell lymphoma with axicabtagene ciloleucel across race and ethnicity. Blood 2024;143(26):2722–2734.
  6. Müller F, Taubmann J, Bucci L, Wilhelm A, Bergmann C, Volkl S et al. CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease – A case series with follow-up. N Engl J Med 2024;390(8):687–700.
  7. Di Giuseppe G, Thacker N, Schechter T, Pole JD. Anxiety, depression, and mental health-related quality of life in survivors of pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review. Bone Marrow Transplant 2020;55:1240–1254.
  8. Cusatis R, Litovich C, Feng Z, Allbee-Johnson M, Kapfhammer M, Mattila D et al. Current trends and outcomes in cellular therapy activity in the United States, including prospective Patient Reported Outcomes data collection within the CIBMTR registry. Transplant Cell Ther 2024:S2666–6367(24)00482-2. Online ahead of print.
  9. Blue BJ, Brazauskas R, Chen K, Patel J, Zeidan AM, Steinberg A et al. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in long-term outcomes in ≥1 year allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation survivors: A CIBMTR analysis. Transplant Cell Ther 2023;29(11):709.e1–709.e11.
  10. Leen G, Stein JE, Robinson J, Torres HM, Marsh SGE. The HLA diversity of the Anthony Nolan register. HLA 2021;97(1):15–29.
  11. World Marrow Donor Association. WMDA. Available at: https://wmda.info/   
  12. Schmidt AH, Sauter J, Baier DM, Daiss J, Keller A, Klussmeier A et al. Immunogenetics in stem cell donor registry work: The DKMS example (Part 1). Int J Immunogenet. 2020;47:13–23.
  13. Anthony Nolan. What is umbilical cord blood donation? Available at: https://www.anthonynolan.org/help-save-a-life/donate-your-umbilical-cord/what-umbilical-cord-donation
  14. Anthony Nolan. Cord blood transplants. Available at: https://www.anthonynolan.org/patients-and-families/understanding-stem-cell-transplants/cord-blood-transplants#:~:text=Engraftment%20can%20take%20longer%20to,an%20unrelated%20or%20sibling%20transplant
  15. Ross AJ, Gillibrand RA. Barriers to cord blood banking: Perspectives of midwives and cord collectors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019;8(Suppl 1):S25.
  16. Shaffer B, Gooptu M, DeFor TE, Maiers M, Bolanos-Meade J, Abboud R et al. Post-transplant cyclophosphamide-based graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis attenuates disparity in outcomes between use of matched or mismatched unrelated donors. JCO 2024;JCO.24.00184
  17. National Library of Medicine. Methods of T Cell Depletion Trial (MoTD). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04888741?term=motd&rank=1
  18. National Library of Medicine. HLA-mismatched unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (ACCESS). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04904588?term=ACCESS&intr=Cyclophosphamide%20&rank=1
  19. NHS Health Research Authority. Public involvement. Available at: https://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-research/best-practice/public-involvement/#:~:text=Research%20teams%20which%20involve%20patients,which%20is%20understandable%20to%20participants.

Reflections on the Ethnic Minority Women in Welsh Healthcare health inequalities conference

  1. Office for National Statistics. Avoidable mortality in England and Wales: 2021 and 2022. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/avoidablemortalityinenglandandwales/2021and2022
  2. Public Health England. Inclusive and sustainable economies: leaving no one behind. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/inclusive-and-sustainable-economies-leaving-no-one-behind/inclusive-and-sustainable-economies-leaving-no-one-behind-executive-summary
  3. British Menopause Society. Menopause in ethnic minority women. Available at: https://thebms.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/20-BMS-TfC-Menopause-in-ethnic-minority-women-JUNE2023-A.pdf
  4. NHS Wales. Women’s health in Wales. Available at: https://executive.nhs.wales/functions/networks-and-planning/womens-health/womens-health-documents/womens-health-in-wales/

Improving our understanding of and addressing inequalities in antimicrobial resistance 

  1. GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet. 2024 Sep 13:S0140-6736(24)01867-1.
  2. O'Neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: Final report and recommendations. Available at: https://amr-review.org/Publications.html.
  3. World Health Organisation. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241509763
  4. Rogers Van Katwyk S, Grimshaw JM, NKangu M, Nagi R, Mandelson M, Taljaard M et al. Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map. PLoS Med 2019;16(6):e1002819.
  5. Ayorinde A, Ghosh I, Ali I, Zahair I, Olarewaju O, Singh M et al. Health inequalities in infectious diseases: a systematic overview of reviews. BMJ Open 2023;13(4):e067429.
  6. Harvey EJ, De Brún C, Casale E, Finistrella V, Ashiru-Oredope D. Influence of factors commonly known to be associated with health inequalities on antibiotic use in high-income countries: a systematic scoping review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023;78(4):861–870.
  7. Aldridge RW, Story A, Hwang SW, Nordentoft M, Luchenski SA, Hartwell G et al. Morbidity and mortality in homeless individuals, prisoners, sex workers, and individuals with substance use disorders in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet 2018;391(10117):241–250.
  8. Pini A, Stenbeck M, Galanis I, Kallberg H, Danis K, Tegnell A et al. Socioeconomic disparities associated with 29 common infectious diseases in Sweden, 2005–14: an individually matched case-control study. The Lancet Infect Dis 2019;19(2):165–176.
  9. Crichton J, Hickman M, Campbell R, Heron J, Horner P, Macleod J. Prevalence of chlamydia in young adulthood and association with life course socioeconomic position: Birth cohort study. PLOS ONE 2014;9(8):e104943.
  10. Oren E, Koepsell T, Leroux BG, Mayer J. Area-based socio-economic disadvantage and tuberculosis incidence. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012;16(7):880–885.
  11. Jenks NP, Pardos de la Gandara M, D’Orazio BM, Correa da Rosa J, Kost RG, Khalida C et al. Differences in prevalence of community-associated MRSA and MSSA among U.S. and non-U.S. born populations in six New York community health centers. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016;14(6):551–560.
  12. Mancuso JD, Diffenderfer JM, Ghassemieh BJ, Horne DJ, Kao TC. The prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;194(4):501–509.
  13. Bhattacharya A, Hopkins S, Sallis A, Budd EL, Ashiru-Oredope D. A process evaluation of the UK-wide Antibiotic Guardian campaign: Developing engagement on antimicrobial resistance. J Pub Health 2017;39(2):e40–47.
  14. Gilham EL, Casale E, Hardy A, Ayeni AH, Sunyer E, Harris T et al. Assessing the impact of a national social marketing campaign for antimicrobial resistance on public awareness, attitudes, and behaviour, and as a supportive tool for healthcare professionals, England, 2017 to 2019. Eurosurveillance 2023;28(47):2300100.
  15. McNulty CA, Lecky DM, Farrell D, Kostkova P, Adriaenssens N, Koprivová Herotová T et al. Overview of e-Bug: an antibiotic and hygiene educational resource for schools. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66(suppl_5):v3–12.
  16. Jones LF, Hawking MK, Owens R, Lecky D, Francis NA, Butler C et al. An evaluation of the TARGET (Treat Antibiotics Responsibly; Guidance, Education, Tools) Antibiotics Toolkit to improve antimicrobial stewardship in primary care—is it fit for purpose? Family Practice. 2018;35(4):461–467.
  17. Hood G, Toleikyte L, Ashiru-Oredope D. Assessing national antimicrobial resistance campaigns using a health equity assessment tool (HEAT). Antibiotics 2019;8(3):121.
  18. NHS England. Core20PLUS5 (adults) – An approach to reducing healthcare inequalities. Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/about/equality/equality-hub/national-healthcare-inequalities-improvement-programme/core20plus5/
  19. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. English indices of deprivation 2019. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019
  20. UK Health Security Agency. English surveillance programme for antimicrobial utilisation and resistance (ESPAUR) report 2022 to 2023.
  21. Gualandi N, Mu Y, Bamberg WM, Dumyati G, Harrison LH, Lesher L et al. Racial disparities in invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, 2005–2014. Clin Infect Dis 2018;67(8):1175–1181.
  22. Ray GT, Suaya JA, Baxter R. Trends and characteristics of culture-confirmed Staphylococcus aureus infections in a large US integrated health care organization. J Clin Microbio 2012;50(6):1950–1957.
  23. Tong SY, van Hal SJ, Einsiedel L, Currie BJ, Turnidge JD. Impact of ethnicity and socio-economic status on Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia incidence and mortality: a heavy burden in indigenous Australians. BMC Infect Dis 2012;12:1–9.
  24. See I, Wesson P, Gualandi N, Dumyati G, Harrison LH, Lesher L et al. Socioeconomic factors explain racial disparities in invasive community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease rates. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64(5):597–604.
  25. Tosas Auguet O, Betley JR, Stabler RA, Patel A, Ioannou A, Marbach H et al. Evidence for community transmission of community-associated but not health-care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains linked to social and material deprivation: spatial analysis of cross-sectional data. PLoS Med. 2016;13(1):e1001944.
  26. Blakiston MR, Freeman JT. Population-level exposures associated with MRSA and ESBL-E. coli infection across district health boards in Aotearoa New Zealand: an ecological study. NZ Med J 2020;133(1510):62–65.
  27. Jenks NP, de la Gandara MP, D'Orazio BM, da Rosa JC, Kost RG, Khalida C et al. Differences in prevalence of community-associated MRSA and MSSA among US and non-US born populations in six New York Community Health Centers. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016;14(6):551–560.
  28. HM Government. Confronting antimicrobial resistance 2024 to 2029. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-5-year-action-plan-for-antimicrobial-resistance-2024-to-2029/confronting-antimicrobial-resistance-2024-to-2029

Tackling ethnic inequalities in precision and genomic medicine

  1. Kapadia D, Zhang J, Salway S, Nazroo J, Booth A, Villarroel-Williams N et al. Ethnic Inequalities in Healthcare: A Rapid Evidence Review. London, UK: NHS Race and Health Observatory, 2022. Available at: https://www.nhsrho.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/RHO-Rapid-Review-Final-Report_.pdf
  2. Bains M, Qureshi N, Bajwa R, Leonardi-Bee J, Hassanein ZM, Hassan S et al. Ethnic inequities in Genomics and Precision Medicine. London, UK: NHS Race and Health Observatory, 2024. Available at: https://www.nhsrho.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/RHO-Genomics-Report-June-2024.pdf

Inequalities in cancer – an unequal burden

  1. Cancer Research UK. Cancer deaths compared with other causes of death in the UK. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/mortality/all-cancers-combined#heading-Four        
  2. Ahmad AS, Offman J, Delon C, North BV, Shelton J, Sasieni PD. Years of life lost due to cancer in the United Kingdom from 1988 to 2017. Br J Cancer 2023;129: 1558–1568.
  3. Cancer Research UK. All cancers combined mortality by gender and UK country. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/mortality/all-cancers-combined#heading-Zero        
  4. Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. Public health profiles. Available at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/search/cancer%20mortality#page/7/gid/1/pat/159/par/K02000001/ati/15/are/E92000001/iid/93959/age/1/sex/4/cat/-1/ctp/-1/yrr/3/cid/4/tbm/1/page-options/ine-ct-160_ine-pt-0_ine-yo-3:2020:-1:-1           
  5. Office for National Statistics. Mortality from leading causes of death by ethnic group, England and Wales: 2012 to 2019. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/articles/mortalityfromleadingcausesofdeathbyethnicgroupenglandandwales/2012to2019    
  6. Brown KF, Rumgay H, Dunlop C, Ryan M, Quartly F, Cox A et al. The fraction of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom in 2015. Br J Cancer 2018;118:1130–1141.
  7. Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. Health inequalities dashboard. Available at: https://analytics.phe.gov.uk/apps/health-inequalities-dashboard/
  8. Scottish Government. Scottish Health Survey 2022. Available at: https://cancerresearchuko365-my.sharepoint.com/personal/katrina_brown_cancer_org_uk/Documents/2022%20https:/scotland.shinyapps.io/sg-scottish-health-survey/
  9. Welsh Government. National Survey for Wales 2022-23. Available at: https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/National-Survey-for-Wales/Population-Health/Adult-Lifestyles
  10. Department of Health Northern Ireland. Health Survey Northern Ireland 2022/23. Available at: https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/publications/tables-health-survey-northern-ireland          
  11. Office for National Statistics. Adult smoking habits in the UK 2022. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandlifeexpectancies/bulletins/adultsmokinghabitsingreatbritain/2022    
  12. Cancer Research UK. Incidence of common cancers by deprivation. Accessed August 2024. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/incidence/common-cancers-compared#heading-Five  
  13. Payne NWS, Brown KF, Delon C, Kotrotsios Y, Soerjomataram I, Shelton J. Socio-economic deprivation and cancer incidence in England: Quantifying the role of smoking. PLOS One 2022;0272202
  14. Hiscock R, Bauld L, Amos A, Fidler JA, Munafò M. Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021;1248:107–123.
  15. Blosnich J, Lee JGL, Horn K. A systematic review of the aetiology of tobacco disparities for sexual minorities. Tob Control 2013;22(2):66–73.
  16. Twyman L, Bonevski B, Paul C, Bryant J. Perceived barriers to smoking cessation in selected vulnerable groups: a systematic review of the qualitative and quantitative literature. BMJ Open 2014;4(12):e006414.
  17. NHS England. Health Survey England Additional Analyses, Ethnicity and Health, 2011–2019. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-survey-england-additional-analyses/ethnicity-and-health-2011-2019-experimental-statistics 
  18. NHS England. Health Survey for England 2021. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-survey-for-england/2021/health-survey-for-england-2021-data-tables          
  19. Finlay A, Robinson E, Jones A, Maden M, Cerny C, Muc M et al. A scoping review of outdoor food marketing: exposure, power and impacts on eating behaviour and health. BMC Public Health 2022;22(1):1431.
  20. Stryjecki C, Alyass A, Meyre D. Ethnic and population differences in the genetic predisposition to human obesity. Obes Rev 2018;19(1):62–80.
  21. Cooper AJ, Gupta SR, Moustafa AF, Chao AM. Sex/gender differences in obesity prevalence, comorbidities, and treatment. Curr Obes Rep 2021;10(4):458–466.
  22. UK Government. Bowel Cancer Screening Annual Report 2021 to 2022. Available at:  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/bowel-cancer-screening-annual-report-2021-to-2022/bowel-cancer-screening-annual-report-2021-to-2022         
  23. Public Health Scotland. Scottish bowel screening programme statistics for the period of invitations from May 2021 to April 2023. Available at: https://publichealthscotland.scot/publications/scottish-bowel-screening-programme-statistics/scottish-bowel-screening-programme-statistics-for-the-period-of-invitations-from-may-2021-to-april-2023       
  24. Public Health Wales. BSW Annual Statistical Report 2019-20. Accessed August 2024. Available at: https://phw.nhs.wales/services-and-teams/screening/bowel-screening/programme-reports/annual-statistical-reports/      
  25. Campbell C, Douglas A, Williams L, Cezard G, Brewster D, Buchanan D et al. Are there ethnic and religious variations in uptake of bowel cancer screening? A retrospective cohort study among 1.7 million people in Scotland. BMJ Open 2020;10(10):e037011.
  26. Urwin S, Gillibrand S, Davies JC, Crosbie EJ. Factors associated with cervical screening coverage: a longitudinal analysis of English general practices from 2013 to 2022. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024;46(1):e43-e50.
  27. Public Health Scotland. Scottish cervical screening programme statistics. Annual update to 31 March 2022. Available at: https://publichealthscotland.scot/publications/scottish-cervical-screening-programme-statistics/scottish-cervical-screening-programme-statistics-annual-update-to-31-march-2022/      
  28. NHS England. Health and care of people with learning disabilities experimental statistics 2019 to 2020. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-and-care-of-people-with-learning-disabilities/experimental-statistics-2019-to-2020/cancer-screening           
  29. Saunders CL, Massou E, Waller J, Meads C, Marlow LAV, Usher-Smith JA. Cervical screening attendance and cervical cancer risk among women who have sex with women. J Med Screen 2021;28(3):349–356.
  30. Cancer Research UK. Health inequalities: Breaking down barriers to cancer screening. Available at: https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2022/09/23/health-inequalities-breaking-down-barriers-to-cancer-screening/ 
  31. NHS England. Cancer survival in England, cancers diagnosed 2016 to 2020, followed up to 2021. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/cancer-survival-in-england/cancers-diagnosed-2016-to-2020-followed-up-to-2021      
  32. Cancer Research UK. Early diagnosis data hub. Available at: https://crukcancerintelligence.shinyapps.io/EarlyDiagnosis/        
  33. NHS England. Staging data in England. Available at: https://nhsd-ndrs.shinyapps.io/staging_data_in_england/          
  34. Public Health Scotland. Cancer incidence in Scotland. Stage and deprivation. Available at: https://www.publichealthscotland.scot/publications/cancer-incidence-in-scotland/cancer-incidence-in-scotland-stage-and-deprivation/         
  35. NHS England. Cancer registration statistics, England 2019. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/cancer-registration-statistics/england-2019/          
  36. Fry A, White B, Nagarwalla D, Shelton J, Jack RH. Relationship between ethnicity and stage at diagnosis in England: a national analysis of six cancer sites. BMJ Open 2023;13(1):e062079.
  37. NHS England. Routes to diagnosis. Available at: https://nhsd-ndrs.shinyapps.io/routes_to_diagnosis/       
  38. Koo MM, Swann R, McPhail S, Abel GA, Elliss-Brookes L, Rubin GP et al. Presenting symptoms of cancer and stage at diagnosis: evidence from a cross-sectional, population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21(1):73–79.
  39. Niksic M, Rachet B, Warburton FG, Wardle J, Ramirez AJ, Forbes LJL. Cancer symptom awareness and barriers to symptomatic presentation in England–are we clear on cancer? Br J Cancer 2015;113(3):533–542.
  40. Lyratzopoulos G, Abel GA, Brown CH, Rous BA, Vernon SA, Roland M et al. Socio-demographic inequalities in stage of cancer diagnosis: evidence from patients with female breast, lung, colon, rectal, prostate, renal, bladder, melanoma, ovarian and endometrial cancer. Ann Oncol 2013;24(3):843–850.
  41. Cancer Research UK. Longer, better lives: A manifesto for cancer research and care. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/we-develop-policy/manifesto-for-cancer-research-and-care        
  42. Cancer Research UK. Cancer Waiting Times & Diagnostic Activity Data Hub. Available at: https://crukcancerintelligence.shinyapps.io/CancerServicesWaitingTimes/      
  43. Cancer Research UK. Which cancer patients experience long waits to treatment, and why? Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/long_waiters_report_24.pdf?11    
  44. Martins T, Abel G, Ukoumunne OC, Price C, Lyratzolpoulos G, Chinegwundoh F et al. Assessing ethnic inequalities in diagnostic interval of common cancers: A population-based UK cohort study. Cancers (Basel) 2022;14(13):3085.
  45. Henson KE, Fry A, Lyratzopoulos G, Peake M, Roberts KJ, McPhail S. Sociodemographic variation in the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with stage IV lung, oesophageal, stomach and pancreatic cancer: evidence from population-based data in England during 2013–2014. Br J Cancer 2018;118:1382–1390.
  46. Public Health Scotland. Cancer survival statistics. People diagnosed with cancer between 2013 and 2017. Available at: https://publichealthscotland.scot/publications/cancer-survival-statistics/cancer-survival-statistics-people-diagnosed-with-cancer-between-2013-and-2017/
  47. Public Health Wales. Cancer survival in Wales. Available at: https://phw.nhs.wales/services-and-teams/welsh-cancer-intelligence-and-surveillance-unit-wcisu/cancer-reporting-tool-official-statistics/cancer-survival/        
  48. Ingleby FC, Woods LM, Atherton IM, Baker M, Elliss-Brookes L, Belot A. An investigation of cancer survival inequalities associated with individual-level socio-economic status, area-level deprivation, and contextual effects, in a cancer patient cohort in England and Wales. BMC Public Health 2022;22(1):90.
  49. Cancer Research UK. Smoking prevalence projections for England based on data to 2021. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/cruk_smoking_projections_including_deprivation_england_2021.pdf    
  50. Cancer Research UK. Overweight and obesity projections for the UK, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, based on data to 2019/20. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/cancer-stats/adult_overweight_and_obesity_prevalence_projections_18-05/adult_overweight_and_obesity_prevalence_projections_18-05.pdf  
  51. Delon C, Brown KF, Payne NWS, Kotrotsios Y, Vernon S, Shelton J. Differences in cancer incidence by broad ethnic group in England, 2013–2017. Br J Cancer 2022;126(12):1765–1773.
  52. Cancer Research UK. Cancer incidence projections. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/incidence/all-cancers-combined#heading-Two         
  53. CRUK and consortium partners. Blog. In preparation.
  54. Eva Morris. Inequalities landscape mapping paper. In preparation.

Mitigating inequalities in digital pathology

  1. Shafi S, Parwani AV. Artificial intelligence in diagnostic pathology. Diagn Pathol 2023;18:203.
  2. Berbis MA, McClintock DS, Bychkov A, van der Laak J, Pantanowitz L, Lennerz JK et al. Computational pathology in 2030: a Delphi study forecasting the role of AI in pathology within the next decade. eBioMedicine 2023;88:104427.
  3. Topol EJ. Individualized medicine from pre-womb to tomb. Cell. 2024;157:241–253.
  4. World Health Organization. Health equity. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-equity#tab=tab_1      
  5. University of Oxford. Removing bias from healthcare AI tools. Available at: https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2024-02-22-removing-bias-healthcare-ai-tools
  6. Celi LA, Cellini J, Charpignon ML, Dee EC, Dernoncourt F, Eber R et al. Sources of bias in artificial intelligence that perpetuate healthcare disparities—A global review. PLOS Digital Health 2022;1:e0000022.
  7. Alford J, Rathod N. AI could worsen health inequities for UK’s minority ethnic groups - new report. Available at: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/230413/ai-could-worsen-health-inequities-uks/
  8. Computer Weekly. Why diversity in AI remains a challenge and how to fix it. Available at: https://www.computerweekly.com/opinion/Why-diversity-in-AI-remains-a-challenge-and-how-to-fix-it
  9. Science and Technology Committee. Diversity and inclusion in STEM. Available at: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5803/cmselect/cmsctech/95/report.html#heading-4
  10. Vokinger KN, Feuerriegel S, Kesselheim AS. Mitigating bias in machine learning for medicine. Comm Med 2025;1:25.
  11. US Food and Drug Administration. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in software as a medical device. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/software-medical-device-samd/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-software-medical-device  
  12. NHS. Artificial intelligence: How to get it right. Available at: https://transform.england.nhs.uk/media/documents/NHSX_AI_report.pdf
  13. NHS. The AI Ethics Initiative. Available at: https://transform.england.nhs.uk/ai-lab/ai-lab-programmes/ethics/#striving
  14. Ada Lovelace Institute. Algorithmic impact assessment: a case study in healthcare. Available at: https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/report/algorithmic-impact-assessment-case-study-healthcare/
  15. The Royal College of Pathologist. Position statement from the Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) on Digital Pathology and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Available at: https://www.rcpath.org/static/90e5e248-4ad3-4d61-8247223f9faffc80/RCPath-AI-position-statement-2022.pdf
  16. NHS Health Education England. The Topol Review. Available at: https://topol.hee.nhs.uk/
  17. Zhang J, Ashrafian H. Failing IT infrastructure is undermining safe healthcare in the NHS. BMJ 2022;379:e073166.
  18. McCradden MD, Kirsch RE. Patient wisdom should be incorporated into health AI to avoid algorithmic paternalism. Nat Med 2023;29:765–766.

Sharing our subject

Hugh Platt Foundation Essay Prize 2024 winner

  1. Byg B, Shah AD. Heating up: climate change and the threat to human health. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024;33(1):78–82.
  2. Mora C, McKenzie T, Gaw IM, Dean JM, von Hammerstein H, Knudson TA et al. Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change. Nat Clim Change 2022;12(12).
  3. Carlson CJ, Albery GF, Merow C, Trisos CH, Zipfel CM, Eskew EA et al. Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk. Nat 2022;607(607):1.
  4. Colón-González FJ, Sewe MO, Tompkins AM, Sjödin H, Casallas A, Rocklöv J et al. Projecting the risk of mosquito-borne diseases in a warmer and more populated world: a multi-model, multi-scenario intercomparison modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 2021;5(7):404–414.
  5. Le PVV, Kumar P, Ruiz MO, Mbogo C, Muturi EJ. Predicting the direct and indirect impacts of climate change on malaria in coastal Kenya. PLOS ONE 2019;14(2):e0211258.
  6. Omar RF, Boissinot M, Huletsky A, Bergeron MG. Tackling infectious diseases with rapid molecular diagnosis and innovative prevention. Infect Dis Rep 2024;16(2):216–227.
  7. Catalán P, Alonso R, Alcalá L, Marín M, Moure Z, Pescador P et al. The challenge of COVID-19 for a clinical microbiology department. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis 2021;101(2):115426.
  8. Department of Health and Social Care. Performance of lateral flow devices during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2023. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/lateral-flow-device-performance-data/performance-of-lateral-flow-devices-during-the-covid-19-pandemic    
  9. Ziska L. Rising carbon dioxide and global nutrition: Evidence and action needed. Plants 2022;11(7):1000.
  10. Zhu C, Kobayashi K, Loladze I, Zhu J, Jiang Q, Xu X et al. Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels this century will alter the protein, micronutrients, and vitamin content of rice grains with potential health consequences for the poorest rice-dependent countries. Sci Adv 2018;4(5):eaaq1012.
  11. Dasgupta S, Robinson EJZ. Attributing changes in food insecurity to a changing climate. Sci Rep 2022;12(1).
  12. da Cruz RS, Carney EJ, Clarke J, Cao H, Cruz MI, Benitez C et al. Paternal malnutrition programs breast cancer risk and tumor metabolism in offspring. Breast Cancer Res. 2018;20(1).
  13. British Society for Haematology. Workforce report 2019. 2019. Available at: https://b-s-h.org.uk/media/18082/bsh-report-0520.pdf
  14. The Royal College of Pathologists. Histopathology workforce census. 2018. Available at: https://www.rcpath.org/static/952a934d-2ec3-48c9-a8e6e00fcdca700f/Meeting-Pathology-Demand-Histopathology-Workforce-Census-2018.pdf 
  15. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. Pesticide residues in food: quarterly monitoring results for 2023. 2024. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pesticide-residues-in-food-quarterly-monitoring-results-for-2023
  16. Sandoval-Insausti H, Chiu YH, Wang YX, Hart JE, Bhupathiraju SN, Mínguez-Alarcón L et al. Intake of fruits and vegetables according to pesticide residue status in relation to all-cause and -specific mortality: Results from three prospective cohort studies. Environ Int 2022;159:107024.
  17. Cavalier H, Trasande L, Porta M. Exposures to pesticides and risk of cancer: Evaluation of recent epidemiological evidence in humans and paths forward. Int J Cancer 2022;152(5):879–912.
  18. Pokharel S, Shrestha P, Adhikari B. Antimicrobial use in food animals and human health: time to implement “One Health” approach. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020;9(1).
  19. Shrestha J, Zahra F, Cannady J. Antimicrobial stewardship. Florida, USA: StatPearls Publishing, 2021. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572068/ 
  20. Alves L. Amazon fires coincide with increased respiratory illnesses in indigenous populations. Lancet Resp Med 2020;8(11):e84.
  21. Bowman WS, Schmidt RJ, Sanghar GK, Thompson GR, Ji H, Zeki AA et al. “Air that once was breath” Part 1: Wildfire-smoke-induced mechanisms of airway inflammation – “Climate change, allergy and immunology.” Special IAAI article collection: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2023. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2024;7(1):1–17.
  22. Morris TT, Northstone K. Rurality and dietary patterns: associations in a UK cohort study of 10-year-old children. Pub Health Nutrition 2014;18(8):1436–1443.
  23. Levin KA. Urban–rural differences in adolescent eating behaviour: a multilevel cross-sectional study of 15-year-olds in Scotland. Publ Health Nutrition 2013;17(8):1776–1785.
  24. Koohsari MJ, Oka K, Nakaya T, Vena J, Williamson T, Quan H et al. Urban design and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Prev Med 2023;173:107552.
  25. Chandrabose M, Rachele JN, Gunn L, Kavanagh A, Owen N, Turrell G et al. Built environment and cardio‐metabolic health: systematic review and meta‐analysis of longitudinal studies. Obes Rev 2018;20(1):41–54.
  26. Münzel T, Sørensen M, Gori T, Schmidt FP, Rao X, Brook J et al. Environmental stressors and cardio-metabolic disease: part I–epidemiologic evidence supporting a role for noise and air pollution and effects of mitigation strategies. Eur Heart J 2016;38(8):ehw269.
  27. Aldakheel FM. Allergic diseases: A comprehensive review on risk factors, immunological mechanisms, link with COVID-19, potential treatments, and role of allergen bioinformatics. Int J Environ Res Pub Health 2021;18(22):12105.
  28. Bikis A. Urban air pollution and greenness in relation to public health. J Environ Pub Health 2023;2023(8516622):1–18.
  29. Ziani K, Ioniță-Mîndrican CB, Mititelu M, NeacÈ™u SM, Negrei C, MoroÈ™an E et al. Microplastics: A real global threat for environment and food safety: A state of the art review. Nutrients 2023;15(3):617.
  30. World Health Organization. GHE: Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. Available at: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-life-expectancy-and-healthy-life-expectancy       
  31. Our World in Data. Infectious disease death rates. 2019. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/infectious-disease-death-rates?tab=chart

Paola Domizio Undergraduate Essay Prize 2024 winner

  1. UK Health Security Agency. Health Effects of Climate Change (HECC) in the UK: 2023 report. 2023, p.25.
  2. Mora C, McKenzie T, Gaw IM, Dean JM, von Hammerstein H, Knudson TA et al. 2022. Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change. Nat Clim Change 2022;12:869–875.
  3. Reusken CB, Ieven M, Sigfrid L, Eckerle L, Koopmans M. Laboratory preparedness and response with a focus on arboviruses in Europe. Clin Microbio Infect 2017;24(3):221–228.
  4. Principi N, Esposito S. Development of vaccines against emerging mosquito-vectored arbovirus infections. Vaccines 2024;12(1):87.
  5. Akinbobola AB, Kean R, Hanifi SMA, Quilliam RS. Environmental reservoirs of the drug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris. PLOS Pathogens 2023;19(4):e1011268. 
  6. Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, Nishiyama Y, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital. Microbiol Immunol 2009;53(1):41–44.
  7. Chowdhary A, Sharma C, Duggal S, Agarwal K, Prakash A, Singh PK et al. New clonal strain of Candida auris, Delhi, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19(10):1670–1673.
  8. Lockhart SR, Etienne KA, Vallabhaneni S, Farooqi J, Chowdhary A, Govender NP et al. Simultaneous emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida auris on 3 continents confirmed by whole-genome sequencing and epidemiological analyses. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64(2):134–140.
  9. Al-Rashdi A, Al-Maani A, Al-Wahaibi A, Alqayoudhim A, Al-Jardani A, Al-Abri S. Characteristics, risk factors, and survival analysis of Candida auris cases: Results of one-year national surveillance data from Oman. J Fungi 2021;7(1):31.
  10. Welsh RM, Bentz ML, Shams A, Houston H, Lyons A, Rose LJ et al. Survival, persistence, and isolation of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris on a plastic health care surface. J Clin Microbiol 2017;55(10):2996–3005.
  11. Carlson CJ, Albery GF, Merow C, Trisos CH, Zipfel CM, Eskew A, et al. Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk. Nature 2022;607:555–562.
  12. NASA. A Degree of Concern: Why Global Temperatures Matter. Available at: https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2865/a-degree-of-concern-why-global-temperatures-matter    
  13. Bray F, Laversanna M, Sung, H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2024;74(3):229–263.
  14. Winstead E. 2023. Cancer and climate change: The health threats of unnatural disasters. National Cancer Institute: Cancer Currents Blog. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2023/cancer-climate-change-impact
  15. Nuffield Trust. The Future of Pathology Services. 2016.
  16. The Royal College of Pathologists. The Pathology Workforce. Available at: https://www.rcpath.org/discover-pathology/public-affairs/the-pathology-workforce.html
  17. Lowes S. 2023. Breaking Down Changes in NHS Cancer Waiting Times in England. Available at: https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2023/08/17/breaking-down-nhs-englands-changes-in-standards-for-cancer-care/
  18. Tennison I, Roschnik S, Ashby B, Boyd R, Hamilton I, Oreszczyn T et al. Health care's response to climate change: a carbon footprint assessment of the NHS in England. Lancet Planet Health 2021;5(2):E84–E92.
  19. McAlister S, Barratt AL, Bell KJ, McGain F. The carbon footprint of pathology testing. Med J Australia 2020;212(8):377–382.

People

Appreciation: Professor Christopher Fletcher

  1. Fletcher CDM, Jarrett PEM. Variable symptomatology in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. J Roy Soc Med 1983;76:1023–1025.
  2. Fletcher CD, Lowe D. Inflammatory fibrous histiocytoma of the penis. Histopathol 1984;8:1079–1084.
  3. Fletcher CD, McKee PH. Sarcomas – a clinicopathological guide with particular reference to cutaneous manifestation. I. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, malignant fibrous histiocytoma and the epithelioid sarcoma of Enzinger. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984;9:451–465
  4. Stratton MR, Williams S, Fischer C, Ball A, Westbury G, Fletcher CDM et al. Structural alterations of the RB1 gene in human soft tissue tumours. Br J Cancer 1989;60:202–205.
  5. Patterson H, Gill S, Fischer C, Law MG, Jayatilake H, Fletcher CDM et al. Abnormalities of the p53 MDM2 and DCC genes in human leiomyosarcomas. Br J Cancer 1994;69:1052–1058.
  6. Fletcher CD, Akerman M, Dal Cin P, de Wever I, Mandahl N, Mertens F et al. Correlation between clinicopathological features and karyotype in lipomatous tumours. Am J Pathol 1996;148:623–630.