Bulletin references January 2025

You can read the January 2025 Bulletin here.

Paediatric pathology

Children's Commissioner guest editorial: Creating the healthiest generation of children yet

1. NHS England. Health Survey for England, 2022 Part 2. 2024. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-survey-for-england/2022-part-2/childrens-overweight-and-obesity                
2. Darzi A. Independent Investigation of the National Health Service in England. 2024. Available  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/66f42ae630536cb92748271f/Lord-Darzi-Independent-Investigation-of-the-National-Health-Service-in-England-Updated-25-September.pdf
3. Office for National Statistics. Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2021. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2021    
4. NHS England. Mental health of children and young people in England 2022 – Wave 3 follow up to the 2017 survey. 2022. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2022-follow-up-to-the-2017-survey 
5. Children’s Commissioner’s Office. The Big Ambition. 2024. https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/the-big-ambition

Current advances and issues in the diagnosis and management of primary immune deficiencies in children

1. Thalhammer K, Kindle G, Nieters A, Mahlaoui N, Ehl S. Initial presenting manifestations in 16,486 patients with inborn errors of immunity include infections and non-infectious manifestations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021;1485:1332–1341
2. Rivière JG, Palacín PS, Butte MJ. Proceedings from the inaugural Artificial Intelligence in Primary Immune Deficiencies (AIPID) conference. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024;153:637–642.
3. Fischer A, Notarangelo L, Neven B, Cavazzana M, Puck JM. Severe combined immunodeficiencies and related disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015;1:15061
4. Genomics England. Primary immunodeficiency or monogenic inflammatory bowel disease (Version 7.21). Available at: https://panelapp.genomicsengland.co.uk/panels/398/
5. Meyts I, Bosch B, Bolze A, Boisson B, Itan Y, Belkadi A et al. Exome and genome sequencing for inborn errors of immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016;138:957–969.
6. Pai SY, Logan BR, Griffith LM, Buckley RH, Parrott RE, Dvorak CC et al. Transplantation outcomes for severe combined immunodeficiency, 2000–2009. New Eng J Med 2014;371:434–446.
7. UK National Screening Committee. SCID screening in-service evaluation: analysis of results under way. Available at: https://nationalscreening.blog.gov.uk/2024/05/21/scid-screening-in-service-evaluation-analysis-of-results-under-way/    
8. Genomics England. Generation Study – overview of the study. Available at: https://www.generationstudy.co.uk/overview-of-the-study
9. Duarte RF, Labopin M, Bader P, Basak GW, Bonini C, Chabannon C et al. Indications for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders: current practice in Europe, 2019. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019;54:1525–1552.
10. Mudde A, Booth C. Gene therapy for inborn error of immunity – current status and future perspectives. Curr Op Allergy Clin Immunol 2023;23:51–62.
11. Mudde A, Kuo CY, Kohn DB, Booth C. What a clinician needs to know about genome editing: Status and opportunities for inborn errors of immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024;12:1139–1149.
12. Prime Medicine. Prime Medicine announces FDA clearance of investigational new drug (IND) application for PM359 for the treatment of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Available at: https://investors.primemedicine.com/news-releases/news-release-details/prime-medicine-announces-fda-clearance-investigational-new-drug     
13. Gene Editing Approach Paves the Way to First-in-Human Clinical Trial for Rare Genetic Disease
14. Fox TA, Booth C. Improving access to gene therapy for rare diseases. Dis Model Mech 2024;17:dmm050623.

Challenges in paediatric infection practice

1. Ratnaraja N, Davies A, Atkins B, Dhillon R, Mahida N, Moses S et al. Best practice standards for the delivery of NHS infection services in the United Kingdom. Clin Infect Pract 2021;12:100095.
2. Hwang T, Tomasi P, Bourgeois F. Delays in completion and results reporting of clinical trials under the paediatric regulation in the European Union: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2018;15:e1002520.
3. Campbell AJ, Anpalagan K, Best EJ, Britton PN, Gwee A, Hatcher J et al. Whole-of-life inclusion in Bayesian adaptive platform clinical trials. JAMA Pediatr 2024;178:1066–1071.
4. Horner C, Cunney R, Demirjian A, Doherty C, Green H, Mathai M et al. Paediatric common infections pathways: improving antimicrobial stewardship and promoting ambulation for children presenting with common infections to hospitals in the UK and Ireland. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021;3:dlab029.
5. McMullan B, Bryant P, Duffy E, Bielicki J, De Cock P, Science M et al. Multinational consensus antimicrobial stewardship recommendations for children managed in hospital settings. Lancet Infect Dis 2023;23:e199-e207
6. van Heyningen C. The evolution of paediatric laboratory medicine. The Bulletin of the Royal College of Pathologists. Available at: https://www.rcpath.org/profession/publications/college-bulletin/july-2021/the-evolution-of-paediatric-laboratory-medicine.html   
7. Berkley J, Lowe B, Mwangi I, Williams T, Bauni E, Mwarumba S et al. Bacteraemia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:39–47.
8. Dien Bard J, TeKippe EM. Diagnosis of bloodstream infections in children. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:1418–1424.
9. Doern C, Dunn J, McAdam A. Pediatric clinical microbiology: It’s the little things. J Clin Microbiol 2016;54:1412–1413.
10. NHS Physician Higher Specialty Training Recruitment. Infection specialties. Available at: https://www.phstrecruitment.org.uk/specialties/infection-specialties
11. NHS. Infection sciences. Available at: https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/healthcare-science/roles-healthcare-science/life-sciences/infection-sciences

Beyond the tooth: The far-reaching impacts of dental caries

1. Abou Neel EA, Aljabo A, Strange A, Ibrahim S, Coathup M, Young AM, et al. Demineralization-remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone. Int J Nanomedicine. 2016;11:4743–63.
2. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Hospital tooth extractions in 0 to 19 year olds 2022. In: Disparities Of HIa, editor. 2023. Accessed November 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/collections/hospital-based-tooth-extractions-in-0-to-19-year-olds
3. Royal College of Anaesthetists. Common events and risks for children and young people having a general anaesthetic. London, UK. Accessed November 2024. Available at: www.rcoa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/2022-05/Child-Infographics_2022.pdf.
4. Uribe SE, Innes N, Maldupa I. The global prevalence of early childhood caries: A systematic review with meta-analysis using the WHO diagnostic criteria. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2021;31:817–30.
5. World Health Organisation. Global oral health status report: towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030. Published 18 November 2022. Available at: www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240061484 License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
6. Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. Detailed findings of year 6 oral health survey. Published 10 September 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/oral-health-survey-of-children-in-year-6-2023-detailed-report/detailed-findings-of-year-6-oral-health-survey
7. Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. National Dental Epidemiology Programme (NDEP) for England: oral health survey of 5 year old children 2022. Published 11 October 2023. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/oral-health-survey-of-5-year-old-children-2022/national-dental-epidemiology-programme-ndep-for-england-oral-health-survey-of-5-year-old-children-2022
8. Cope A, Barnes E, Brocklehurst P. Dental Epidemiological Inspection Of School Year One (5-Year-Old) Children. In: Wales 2022/23 Welsh Oral Health Information Unit; 2023. Available at: www.cardiff.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/2792535/Picture-of-Oral-Health-2022-23-Year-1-report-ENG.pdf
9. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. General Dental Statistics for Northern Ireland Annual Statistics 2023–2024. Published June 2024. Available at: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6672a697c087fbe40855cde1/General_Dental_Statistics_Publication_2023-24.pdf
10. Public Health Scotland. National Dental Inspection Programme (NDIP) 2022 Report of the 2022 NDIP Basic Inspection Programme in Primary 1 Children. Published 25 October 2022. Available at: www.ndip.scottishdental.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/national-dental-inspection-programme-2022-10-25.pdf
11. Yip K, Smales R. Oral diagnosis and treatment planning: part 2. Dental caries and assessment of risk. Br Dent J. 2012;213:59–66.
12. Stephan RM, Miller BF. A quantitative method for evaluating physical and chemical agents which modify production of acids in bacterial plaques on human teeth. J Dent Res. 1943;22:45–51.
13. Renton C. Management of residual and recurrent caries in adolescents. BDJ Team. 2015;2:15093.
14. Marquis RE. Antimicrobial actions of fluoride for oral bacteria. Can J Microbiol. 1995;41:955–64.
15. Walmsley AD, Walsh TF, Lumley PJ, Burke FJT, Shortall ACC, Hayes-Hall R, et al. Chapter 8: Restoration of teeth (simple restorations) and preventative dentistry. In: Walmsley AD, Walsh TF, Lumley PJ, Burke FJT, Shortall ACC, Hayes-Hall R, et al (eds). Restorative Dentistry (2nd edition). Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone; 2007.
16. Gao SS, Zhang S, Mei ML, Lo EC, Chu CH. Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment - a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 2016;16:12.
17. Henry DB. The Consequences of Restorative Cycles. Operative Dentistry. 2009;34:759–760.
18. Schwendicke F. Management of Deep Carious Lesions (1 edition). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Cham, 2018.
19. Pitts N, Ismail A, Martignon S, Eskstrand K, Douglas G, Longbottom C. ICCMS™ Guide for Practitioners and Educators 2014. Available at: www.iccms-web.com/uploads/asset/59284654c0a6f822230100.pdf
20. Scheffel DLS, Jeremias F, Fragelli CMB, Dos Santos-Pinto LAM, Hebling J, de Oliveira OB, Jr. Esthetic dental anomalies as motive for bullying in schoolchildren. Eur J Dent. 2014;8:124–128.
21. Thornhill MH, Dayer MJ, Durkin MJ, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM. Oral antibiotic prescribing by NHS dentists in England 2010-2017. Br Dent J. 2019;227:1044–50.
22. Goel D, Goel GK, Chaudhary S, Jain D. Antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric dentistry: A review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9:473-80.
23. Vieira KA, Rosa-Júnior LS, Souza MAV, Santos NB, Florêncio T, Bussadori SK. Chronic malnutrition and oral health status in children aged 1 to 5 years: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99:e19595.
24. Broutin A, Blanchet I, Canceill T, Noirrit-Esclassan E. Association between Dentofacial Features and Bullying from Childhood to Adulthood: A Systematic Review. Children (Basel). 2023;10.
25. Righolt AJ, Jevdjevic M, Marcenes W, Listl S. Global-, Regional-, and Country-Level Economic Impacts of Dental Diseases in 2015. J Dent Res. 2018;97(5):501–7.
26. Nowak AJ, Casamassimo PS, Townsend J, Wells M. Dental causes of paediatric pain. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2021;5:e2.
27. Pentapati KC, Yeturu SK, Siddiq H. Global and regional estimates of dental pain among children and adolescents—systematic review and meta-analysis. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2021;22:1–12.
28. Ruff RR, Senthi S, Susser SR, Tsutsui A. Oral health, academic performance, and school absenteeism in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2019;150:111–121.
29. British Society of Paediatric Dentistry. DCby1. Accessed November 2024. Available at: www.bspd.co.uk/dcby1
30. HM Treasury. Soft Drinks Industry Levy comes into effect. Published 5 April 2018. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/news/soft-drinks-industry-levy-comes-into-effect
31. Public Health Wales. Designed to Smile Programme: Annual report for the academic year 2023–2024. Published 15 October 2024. Available at: phw.nhs.wales/services-and-teams/designed-to-smile/information-for-professionals/monitoring-and-evaluating-the-designed-to-smile-programme/designed-to-smile-annual-report-2023-2024/
32. Central Evaluation & Research Team, University of Glasgow. Childsmile National Headline Data. Published December 2023. Available at: www.childsmile.nhs.scot/wp-content/uploads/Childsmile-National-Headline-Data-December-2023.pdf
33. HM Treasury, HM Revenue & Customs. HMT-HMRC Soft Drinks Industry Levy Review. Published 30 October 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/soft-drinks-industry-levy-review/hmt-hmrc-soft-drinks-industry-levy-review
34. Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Walsh T, Lewis SR, Riley P, Boyers D, Clarkson JE, et al. Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024.
35. World Health Organisation. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. Published 21 March 2022. Available at: www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240045064
36. Department of Health and Social Care, Welsh Government, the Department of Health Northern Ireland, Public Health England, NHS England and NHS Improvement, British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry. Delivering Better Oral Health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention. Published 9 November 2021. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/delivering-better-oral-health-an-evidence-based-toolkit-for-prevention/chapter-1-introduction
37. Public Health England. Water fluoridation: health monitoring report for England 2018. Published 22 March 2018. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/water-fluoridation-health-monitoring-report-for-england-2018
38. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing COmmittee of the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 1997, p. 448.
39. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Water fluoridation: Health monitoring report for England 2022. Published 21 March 2022. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/water-fluoridation-health-monitoring-report-for-england-2022
40. Macpherson LM, Rodgers J, Conway DI. Childsmile after 10 years part 2: programme development, implementation and evaluation. Dent Update. 2019;46:238 –46.
41. S J Hurley. Avoidance of Doubt: Dental visits for children under the age of 3 years. Published 25 Septmeber 2017. Available at: www.eastsussexldc.org.uk/files/latest_news_for_dentists/Dec17_Children_Under_3/OCDO-Note-for-the-Avoidance-of-Doubt-2017.pdf
42. Public Health England, NHS England. Making Every Contact Count (MECC): Consensus statement. Published 13 April 2016, updated 6 October 2017. Available at: www.england.nhs.uk/publication/making-every-contact-count-mecc-consensus-statement/
43. British Society of Paediatric Dentistry. Water fluoridation. Published 2021. Available at: www.bspd.co.uk/Professionals/Resources/Position-Statements
44. British Society of Paediatric Dentistry. British Society of Paediatric Dentistry Position Statement on Infant Feeding. Published 2018. Available at: www.bspd.co.uk/Professionals/Resources/Position-Statements
45. British Society of Paediatric Dentistry. Limiting advertisement of products high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS). Published 2021. www.bspd.co.uk/Professionals/Resources/Position-Statements
46. Digital Health and Care Wales. Dental Access Portal. Accessed November 2024. Available at: dhcw.nhs.wales/product-directory/our-digital-services/dental-access-portal/.
47. Business Services Organisation. Find a Dentist. Accessed November 2024. Available at: bso.hscni.net/directorates/operations/family-practitioner-services/dental-services/find-a-dentist/.
48. Scottish Government. How to find an NHS dentist. Updated 5 November 2019. Accessed November 2024. Available at: www.mygov.scot/register-with-dentist.
49. NHS UK. Find a dentist. Accessed November 2024. Available at: www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-a-dentist.

Challenges in paediatric laboratory medicine

1. Lang T, Geaghan S, Loh T, Mak C, Papassotiriou I, Kyriakopoulou L. Considerations for applying emerging technologies in paediatric laboratory medicine. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2024;62:1938–1949.
2. Flynn N, Moat SJ, Hogg SL. A computer vision approach to the assessment of dried blood spot size and quality in newborn screening. Clin Chim Acta 2023;547:117418.
3. Thomas M, Greaves RF, Tingay DG, Loh TP, Ignjatovic V, Newall F et al. Current and emerging technologies for the timely screening and diagnosis of neonatal jaundice. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2022;59:332–352.
4. Thornton PS, Stanley CA, De Leon DD, Harris D, Haymond MW, Hussain K et al. Recommendations from the pediatric endocrine society for evaluation and management of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates, infants, and children. J Pediatr 2015;166:1520–1525.
5. Harris DL, Weston PJ, Signal M, Chase JG, Harding JE. Dextrose gel for neonatal hypoglycaemia (the Sugar Babies Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2013;382:2077–2083.
6. Beardsall K, Thomson L, Elleri D, Dungar DB, Hovorka R. Feasibility of automated insulin delivery guided by continuous glucose monitoring in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2020;105:F279–284.
7. Stocker M, Daunhawer I, van Herk W, el Helou S, Dutta S, Schuerman FABA et al. Machine learning used to compare the diagnostic accuracy of risk factors, clinical signs, and biomarkers and to develop a new prediction model of neonatal early-onset sepsis. Pediatr Infect Dis 2022;41:248–254.
8. Mercer-Smith G, Appleton M, Hanon E, Bowron A. Plasma ammonia analysis: is transport of samples on ice required? An investigation in samples from patients with hyperammonaemia. Ann Clin Biochem 2024;61:Suppl 1.
9. Colantonio DA, Kyriakopoulou L, Chan MK, Daly CH, Brinc D, Venner AA et al. Closing the gaps in pediatric laboratory reference intervals: a CALIPER database of 40 biochemical markers in a healthy and multiethnic population of children. Clin Chem 2012;58:854–868.
10. Loh TP, Greaves RF, Mak C, Salomons GS, Bonham JR, Lang T. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on pediatric laboratory medicine: an IFCC C-ETPLM, SSIEM, ISNS global survey. EJIFCC 2022;33:194–208.

New developments in childhood vaccination and immunisation in England

1. Brassel S, Neri M, Schirrmacher S, Steuten L. The Value of Vaccines in Maintaining Health System Capacity in England. Value in Health 2023;doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.06.018.
2. NHS Confederation. Paving a new pathway to prevention: leveraging increased returns on our collective investment. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.nhsconfed.org/publications/paving-new-pathway-prevention
3. UKHSA. Vaccine uptake guidance and the latest coverage data. Accessed December 2024. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/vaccine-uptake
4. UKHSA. Childhood vaccines: parental attitudes survey 2023 findings. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/childhood-vaccines-parental-attitudes-survey-2023/childhood-vaccines-parental-attitudes-survey-2023-findings
5. UKHSA. Immunisation survey 2023: attitudes of young people and parents. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/immunisation-survey-2023-attitudes-of-young-people-and-parents#:~:text=The%20surveys%20have%20consistently%20shown,findings%20are%20available%20to%20download.
6. UKHSA. Confirmed cases of measles in England by month, age, region and upper-tier local authority: 2024. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/measles-epidemiology-2023/confirmed-cases-of-measles-in-england-by-month-age-region-and-upper-tier-local-authority-2024#:~:text=Since%201%20January%202024%2C%20there,(Figures%201%20and%202).
7. UKHSA. Evaluation of vaccine uptake during the 2023 to 2024 MMR catch-up campaigns in England. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/evaluation-of-vaccine-uptake-during-the-2023-to-2024-mmr-catch-up-campaigns-in-england
8. UKHSA. Confirmed cases of pertussis in England by month. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-epidemiology-in-england-2024/confirmed-cases-of-pertussis-in-england-by-month#:~:text=In%20England%2C%20provisionally%20there%20were,Figure%201%2C%20Table%201)
9. UKHSA. Pertussis immunisation in pregnancy: vaccine coverage (England). Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-immunisation-in-pregnancy-vaccine-coverage-estimates-in-england-october-2013-to-march-2014
10. UKHSA. Complete routine immunisation schedule. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-complete-routine-immunisation-schedule
11. UKHSA. Pertussis (whooping cough) vaccination programme for pregnant women: information for healthcare practitioners. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/vaccination-against-pertussis-whooping-cough-for-pregnant-women/pertussis-whooping-cough-vaccination-programme-for-pregnant-women
12. Joint Committee On Vaccination And Immunisation. Minutes of the meeting held on 19 October 2022. Accessed December 2024. Available at: app.box.com/s/iddfb4ppwkmtjusir2tc/file/1079270439367
13. UKHSA. RSV vaccination of pregnant women for infant protection: information for healthcare practitioners. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-programme-information-for-healthcare-professionals/rsv-vaccination-of-pregnant-women-for-infant-protection-information-for-healthcare-practitioners#the-green-book-rsv-chapter-27a
14. UKHSA. HPV vaccination guidance for healthcare practitioners. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/hpv-universal-vaccination-guidance-for-health-professionals/hpv-vaccination-guidance-for-healthcare-practitioners
15. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI). JCVI statement on a one-dose schedule for the routine HPV immunisation programme. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/single-dose-of-hpv-vaccine-jcvi-concluding-advice/jcvi-statement-on-a-one-dose-schedule-for-the-routine-hpv-immunisation-programme
16. JCVI. JCVI interim statement on the immunisation schedule for children. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/jcvi-interim-statement-on-changes-to-the-childhood-immunisation-schedule/joint-committee-on-vaccination-and-immunisation-jcvi-interim-statement-on-the-immunisation-schedule-for-children
17. NICE. Vaccine uptake in the general population (NG218). Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng218/resources
18. UKHSA, DHSC and NHS. Health Publications. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.healthpublications.gov.uk/Home.html
19. UKHSA. Immunisation information for migrants. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/immunisation-information-for-migrants
20. UKHSA. Notifiable diseases and how to report them. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/guidance/notifiable-diseases-and-how-to-report-them
21. NHS. NHS vaccination strategy. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.england.nhs.uk/publication/nhs-vaccination-strategy/
22. Public Health England. PHE immunisation inequalities strategy. Accessed December 2024. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/phe-immunisation-inequalities-strategy
23. Falcaro M, Soldan K, Ndlela B, Sasieni P. Effect of the HPV vaccination programme on incidence of cervical cancer and grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by socioeconomic deprivation in England: population based observational study. BMJ 2024; doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-077341

Innovation in paediatric and perinatal pathology

1. Stenton S, Rummery R. Paediatric and perinatal pathology. RCPath Bulletin 2021;195:435–437. Available at: https://www.rcpath.org/static/dc32d88c-9b0b-4aa0-bd29bd0dc7d84d23/3aec14a0-f8cb-42ae-ab5dec712617ccb2/RCPath-Bulletin-July-2021.pdf         
2. Cohen M, Annavarapu S. Paediatric and perinatal pathology services – is it possible to solve the workforce crisis? Available at: https://www.rcpath.org/profession/publications/college-bulletin/july-2023/paediatric-and-perinatal-pathology-services-it-possible-to-solve-the-workforce-crisis.html
3. National Pathology Imaging Cooperative. Huge step forward for the NPIC National Paediatric Network as GOSH becomes go-to centre in digital pathology for children. Available at: npic.ac.uk/2024/07/29/gosh-becomes-go-to-centre-in-npic-national-paediatric-network-for-children/
4. Hodder A, Leiter SM, Kennedy J, Addy D, Ahmed M, Ajithkumar T et al. Benefits for children with suspected cancer from routine whole genome sequencing. Nat Med 2924;30:1905–1912. 
5. National Genomic Test Directory. Testing criteria for rare and inherited disease. Available at: www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/national-genomic-test-directory-rare-and-inherited-disease-eligibility-criteria-v7.pdf
6. NHS England. Perinatal post-mortem investigation of fetal and neonatal deaths (England and Wales). Available at: www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/perinatal-post-mortem-investigation-of-fetal-and-neonatal-deaths-england-scotland-and-wales/
7. Shelmerdine SC, Arthurs OJ. Post-mortem perinatal imaging: what is the evidence? Br J Radiol 2023;96:20211078.
8. Rüegger, CM, Gascho D, Bode PK, Bruder E, Haslinger C, Ross S et al. Post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging with computed tomography-guided biopsy for foetuses and infants: a prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2022;22:464.
9. Shelmerdine SC, Hutchinson JC, Lewis C, Simcock IC, Sekar T et al. A pragmatic evidence-based approach to post-mortem perinatal imaging. Insights Imaging 2021;12:101.
10. Lewis C, Hutchinson JC, Riddington M, Hill M, Arthurs OJ et al. Minimally invasive autopsy for fetuses and children based on a combination of post-mortem MRI and endoscopic examination: a feasibility study. Health Technol Assess 2019;23:46.

The frontline of paediatric brain tumour diagnostics: Advances, challenges and opportunities

1. Macedoni-Luksic M, Jereb B, Todorovski L. Long-term sequelae in children treated for brain tumors: impairments, disability,  and handicap. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003;20:89–101.
2. Terziev R, Psimaras D, Marie Y, Feuvret L, Berzero G, Jacob J et al. Cumulative incidence and risk factors for radiation induced leukoencephalopathy in high grade glioma long term survivors. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):1–9.
3. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A et al. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2007;114(2):97–109.
4. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Ellison DW, Figarella-Branger D et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Revised 4t. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2016.
5. Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: A summary. Neuro Oncol 2021;23(8):1231–1251.
6. WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Paediatric tumours. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2022.
7. Louis DN, Perry A, Burger P, Ellison DW, Reifenberger G, von Deimling A et al. International Society Of Neuropathology – Haarlem consensus guidelines for nervous system tumor classification and grading. Brain Pathol 2014;24(5):429–435.
8. Buckland ME, Sarkar C, Santosh V, Al-Hussaini M, Park SH, Tihan T et al. Announcing the Asian Oceanian Society of Neuropathology guidelines for Adapting Diagnostic Approaches for Practical Taxonomy in Resource-Restrained Regions (AOSNP-ADAPTR). Brain Pathol 2024;34(2):1–4.
9. Wang Y, Zhao Y, Bollas A, Wang Y, Au KF. Nanopore sequencing technology, bioinformatics and applications. Nat Biotechnol 2021;39(11):1348–1365.
10. Robertson EG, Wakefield CE, Tsoli M, Kellie SJ, Alvaro F, Gifford AJ et al. Neuro-Oncology Advances for high-grade gliomas: benefits and suggested improvements. Neurooncol Adv 2021;3:1–9.
11. Frenkel B, Gerasimov E, Gustafson A, Gustafson P, McLean G, Ochasi A et al. Postmortem tissue donation: Giving families the ability to choose. J Clin Oncol 2023;41(3):447–451.

College news

Introducing our new Sustainability Lead for Pathology Practice, Dr Shireen Kassam

1. RN Salas. A pathway to net zero emissions for healthcare. BMJ 2020;371: m3785.

On the agenda

Helping our members optimise their clinical consultation activity in a time of workload pressures and workforce shortages

1. Ratnaraja N, Davies A, Hughes H. Tools for optimising clinical consultation activity in infection services in the United Kingdom. Clin Infect Pract 2024;24:100378.
2. The Royal College of Pathologists and the British Infection Association. The infection sciences workforce: challenges and solutions. A Meeting Pathology Demand briefing. Available at: https://www.rcpath.org/static/27a069ea-3ff6-46bb-b691c26c58a5f16f/The-infection-sciences-workforce-report-Final.pdf       
3. Ratnaraja N, Davies A, Atkins BL, Dhillon R, Mahida N, Moses S et al. Best practice standards for the delivery of NHS infection services in the United Kingdom. Clin Infect Pract 2021;12:100095.

International